V dne\u0161n\u00ed \u010desk\u00e9 politice se \u010d\u00edm d\u00e1l \u010dast\u011bji ukazuje jeden znepokojiv\u00fd trend: o budoucnosti zem\u011b se nerozhoduje p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na z\u00e1klad\u011b odbornosti a anal\u00fdz, ale podle toho, co se l\u00e9pe prod\u00e1v\u00e1 ve\u0159ejnosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Politick\u00fd marketing z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1 p\u0159ednost p\u0159ed fakty, zku\u0161enostmi i dlouhodob\u00fdm strategick\u00fdm my\u0161len\u00edm. Odborn\u00edci ustupuj\u00ed do pozad\u00ed \u2013 a jejich m\u00edsto zab\u00edraj\u00ed slogany, emoce a volebn\u00ed kalkulace.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Jedn\u00edm z nejv\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch p\u0159\u00edklad\u016f posledn\u00ed doby bylo zru\u0161en\u00ed\u00a0N\u00e1rodn\u00ed ekonomick\u00e9 rady vl\u00e1dy (NERV)<\/strong>. Tento poradn\u00ed org\u00e1n m\u011bl poskytovat vl\u00e1d\u011b ekonomick\u00e9 anal\u00fdzy a doporu\u010den\u00ed, kter\u00e1 \u010dasto nebyla popul\u00e1rn\u00ed \u2013 nap\u0159\u00edklad n\u00e1vrhy na rozpo\u010dtov\u00e9 \u0161krty nebo \u00fapravy da\u0148ov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Pr\u00e1v\u011b tato nepopul\u00e1rnost v\u0161ak ukazuje, pro\u010d je role odborn\u00edk\u016f tak d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1. Politika toti\u017e \u010dasto sm\u011b\u0159uje k tomu, co je kr\u00e1tkodob\u011b l\u00edbiv\u00e9, zat\u00edmco ekonomick\u00e1 realita vy\u017eaduje dlouhodob\u00e9 a n\u011bkdy bolestiv\u00e9 kroky. Pokud vl\u00e1da p\u0159estane naslouchat odborn\u00edk\u016fm jen proto, \u017ee jejich doporu\u010den\u00ed nekoresponduj\u00ed s p\u0159edvolebn\u00edmi sliby, ztr\u00e1c\u00ed rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed pevn\u00fd z\u00e1klad.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Podobn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f najdeme v\u00edce. Typick\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem je dlouhodob\u00e9 udr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed nulov\u00e9 spot\u0159ebn\u00ed dan\u011b na tich\u00e9 v\u00edno, kter\u00e9 prosadily p\u0159edchoz\u00ed vl\u00e1dy. Prakticky \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd seri\u00f3zn\u00ed da\u0148ov\u00fd expert tento krok nedoporu\u010doval. Naopak proti n\u011bmu vystupovali jak odborn\u00edci na ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 finance, tak experti na z\u00e1vislosti \u2013 a dokonce i n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed z\u00e1konod\u00e1rci. P\u0159esto politika zv\u00edt\u011bzila nad odbornost\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Dal\u0161\u00ed ilustrac\u00ed je debata o zru\u0161en\u00ed koncesion\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch poplatk\u016f pro ve\u0159ejnopr\u00e1vn\u00ed m\u00e9dia. Samotn\u00e1 my\u0161lenka zm\u011bny financov\u00e1n\u00ed by p\u0159itom nemusela b\u00fdt \u0161patn\u00e1 \u2013 pokud by j\u00ed p\u0159edch\u00e1zela hlub\u0161\u00ed diskuse. Logick\u00fd postup by byl jasn\u00fd: nejprve definovat, jak\u00e9 slu\u017eby maj\u00ed ve\u0159ejnopr\u00e1vn\u00ed m\u00e9dia poskytovat, kolik budou st\u00e1t a zda je efektivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed financovat je z poplatk\u016f nebo ze st\u00e1tn\u00edho rozpo\u010dtu. M\u00edsto toho se v\u0161ak \u010dasto objevuje jednoduch\u00fd marketingov\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup: nab\u00eddnout lidem \u201ed\u00e1rek\u201c v podob\u011b zru\u0161en\u00ed poplatku, ani\u017e by byla jasn\u011b vysv\u011btlena ekonomick\u00e1 realita takov\u00e9ho kroku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Politologov\u00e9 pro podobn\u00fd v\u00fdvoj pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed term\u00edn kakistokracie<\/strong>. Slovo poch\u00e1z\u00ed z \u0159e\u010dtiny a znamen\u00e1 doslova \u201evl\u00e1du t\u011bch nejhor\u0161\u00edch\u201c. Na rozd\u00edl od meritokracie \u2013 syst\u00e9mu, kde rozhoduj\u00ed ti nejschopn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u2013 kakistokracie popisuje situaci, kdy se do \u010dela st\u00e1tu dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed lid\u00e9 s nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed kvalifikac\u00ed, minim\u00e1ln\u00ed odbornost\u00ed a \u010dasto i spornou mor\u00e1ln\u00ed integritou.<\/p>\n\n\n\n V takov\u00e9m syst\u00e9mu p\u0159est\u00e1v\u00e1 b\u00fdt d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9, zda m\u00e1 ministr \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed hlubok\u00e9 znalosti ochrany p\u0159\u00edrody nebo zku\u0161enosti s \u0159\u00edzen\u00edm n\u00e1rodn\u00edch park\u016f. Podstatn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je jeho loajalita ke stran\u011b, kter\u00e1 ho nominovala, nebo k ekonomick\u00fdm z\u00e1jm\u016fm, kter\u00e9 danou politickou skupinu podporuj\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tento trend nen\u00ed omezen pouze na \u010ceskou republiku. V mnoha zem\u00edch se objevuje podobn\u00fd jev: do vysok\u00fdch funkc\u00ed se dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed lid\u00e9, jejich\u017e hlavn\u00ed kvalifikac\u00ed nen\u00ed odbornost, ale schopnost mobilizovat emoce voli\u010d\u016f nebo loajalita k politick\u00e9mu l\u00eddrovi. Modern\u00ed populismus se tak st\u00e1v\u00e1 nejen politick\u00fdm stylem, ale i mechanismem negativn\u00edho v\u00fdb\u011bru.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Velkou roli v tom hraje i fenom\u00e9n postfaktick\u00e9 politiky<\/strong>. Fakta, anal\u00fdzy a data ztr\u00e1cej\u00ed svou v\u00e1hu, zat\u00edmco jednoduch\u00e1 a emotivn\u00ed sd\u011blen\u00ed z\u00edsk\u00e1vaj\u00ed obrovsk\u00fd dosah \u2013 zejm\u00e9na d\u00edky soci\u00e1ln\u00edm s\u00edt\u00edm. Politik, kter\u00fd dok\u00e1\u017ee vytvo\u0159it siln\u00fd medi\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh, m\u00e1 dnes \u010dasto v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u0161anci na \u00fasp\u011bch ne\u017e ten, kdo p\u0159edkl\u00e1d\u00e1 komplexn\u00ed a promy\u0161len\u00e1 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u010cesk\u00e1 republika p\u0159itom vykazuje n\u011bkolik charakteristick\u00fdch znak\u016f tohoto v\u00fdvoje. Jedn\u00edm z nich je systematick\u00e9 zkracov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ipom\u00ednkov\u00fdch \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed u d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdch z\u00e1kon\u016f. Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 legislativn\u00ed zm\u011bny jsou \u010dasto prosazov\u00e1ny prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm poslaneck\u00fdch pozm\u011b\u0148ovac\u00edch n\u00e1vrh\u016f, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se fakticky obch\u00e1z\u00ed \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed odborn\u00e1 debata.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Dal\u0161\u00edm probl\u00e9mem je dlouhodob\u00e1 kultura politick\u00fdch trafik \u2013 tedy obsazov\u00e1n\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdch pozic ve st\u00e1tn\u00ed spr\u00e1v\u011b stranick\u00fdmi spojenci. Tento fenom\u00e9n nen\u00ed omezen na jednu vl\u00e1du nebo politick\u00fd t\u00e1bor; jde o syst\u00e9mov\u00fd probl\u00e9m \u010desk\u00e9 politiky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Pokus o jeho omezen\u00ed p\u0159edstavoval takzvan\u00fd nomina\u010dn\u00ed z\u00e1kon, kter\u00fd m\u011bl nastavit transparentn\u00ed pravidla pro obsazov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u00edst v kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch st\u00e1tn\u00edch firm\u00e1ch, jako jsou \u010cEZ, \u010cesk\u00e9 dr\u00e1hy nebo Bud\u011bjovick\u00fd Budvar. Kandid\u00e1ti m\u011bli proch\u00e1zet odborn\u00fdm posouzen\u00edm a prov\u011brkou kompetenc\u00ed. P\u0159esto se objevily snahy tento mechanismus zru\u0161it \u2013 co\u017e op\u011bt vyvolalo ot\u00e1zku, zda politick\u00e1 reprezentace skute\u010dn\u011b stoj\u00ed o transparentnost a odbornost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u010cesk\u00e1 kakistokracie, pokud tento term\u00edn pou\u017eijeme, stoj\u00ed podle mnoha analytik\u016f na t\u0159ech pil\u00ed\u0159\u00edch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Prvn\u00edm je person\u00e1ln\u00ed vyprahlost. Politick\u00e9 strany si dlouhodob\u011b nevychov\u00e1vaj\u00ed odborn\u00e9 z\u00e1zem\u00ed a jen z\u0159\u00eddka d\u00e1vaj\u00ed p\u0159ednost expert\u016fm p\u0159i sestavov\u00e1n\u00ed kandid\u00e1tek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Druh\u00fdm je vnit\u0159n\u00ed kultura stran, kter\u00e1 \u010dasto up\u0159ednost\u0148uje loajalitu p\u0159ed kompetenc\u00ed. Pro mnoho skute\u010dn\u00fdch odborn\u00edk\u016f je takov\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed m\u00e1lo atraktivn\u00ed, co\u017e vede k dal\u0161\u00edmu oslabov\u00e1n\u00ed kvality politick\u00fdch elit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A t\u0159et\u00edm pil\u00ed\u0159em je dominance marketingu nad obsahem. Soci\u00e1ln\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed politik\u016fm komunikovat p\u0159\u00edmo s voli\u010di bez tradi\u010dn\u00edch medi\u00e1ln\u00edch filtr\u016f. To samo o sob\u011b nen\u00ed negativn\u00ed \u2013 probl\u00e9m nast\u00e1v\u00e1 ve chv\u00edli, kdy se z komunikace st\u00e1v\u00e1 n\u00e1stroj manipulace nebo \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed zkreslen\u00fdch informac\u00ed. V takov\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed maj\u00ed data, anal\u00fdzy a odborn\u00e9 argumenty men\u0161\u00ed v\u00e1hu ne\u017e schopnost z\u00edskat lajky a sd\u00edlen\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n D\u016fsledky tohoto v\u00fdvoje mohou b\u00fdt v\u00e1\u017en\u00e9. Kakistokracie toti\u017e postupn\u011b rozkl\u00e1d\u00e1 d\u016fv\u011bru ve st\u00e1t a jeho instituce. Pokud ob\u010dan\u00e9 vid\u00ed, \u017ee kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 rozhodnut\u00ed p\u0159ij\u00edmaj\u00ed lid\u00e9 bez pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 kvalifikace nebo zku\u0161enost\u00ed, logicky kles\u00e1 jejich ochota v\u011b\u0159it politick\u00e9mu syst\u00e9mu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n V\u00fdsledkem je rostouc\u00ed ned\u016fv\u011bra ve\u0159ejnosti, kterou potvrzuj\u00ed i r\u016fzn\u00e9 pr\u016fzkumy ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho m\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed. Spole\u010dnost pak st\u00e1le v\u00edce hled\u00e1 jednoduch\u00e1 vysv\u011btlen\u00ed slo\u017eit\u00fdch probl\u00e9m\u016f \u2013 a pr\u00e1v\u011b zde vznik\u00e1 prostor pro populismus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Modern\u00ed sv\u011bt je p\u0159itom mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b komplexn\u00ed. Ekonomick\u00e9, technologick\u00e9 i geopolitick\u00e9 zm\u011bny prob\u00edhaj\u00ed rychleji ne\u017e kdykoli d\u0159\u00edve. Pro mnoho lid\u00ed je proto l\u00e1kav\u00e9 p\u0159ijmout jednoduch\u00e9 slogany, kter\u00e9 slibuj\u00ed rychl\u00e1 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed. Populisti\u010dt\u00ed politici z\u00e1rove\u0148 \u010dasto nab\u00edzej\u00ed i jednoduch\u00e9ho vin\u00edka: mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed instituce, men\u0161iny, migraci, globalizaci nebo r\u016fzn\u00e9 \u201eelitn\u00ed\u201c skupiny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Takov\u00e1 r\u00e9torika v\u0161ak obvykle skute\u010dn\u00e9 probl\u00e9my ne\u0159e\u0161\u00ed. Sp\u00ed\u0161e je zakr\u00fdv\u00e1 a vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed nov\u00e9 konflikty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Pokud se m\u00e1 tento trend zm\u011bnit, bude nutn\u00e9 vr\u00e1tit do politiky hodnoty, kter\u00e9 byly d\u0159\u00edve samoz\u0159ejmost\u00ed: vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed, odbornost, zku\u0161enosti a schopnost dlouhodob\u00e9ho strategick\u00e9ho my\u0161len\u00ed. Politika bez t\u011bchto kvalit toti\u017e postupn\u011b ztr\u00e1c\u00ed schopnost \u0159\u00eddit slo\u017eitou modern\u00ed spole\u010dnost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ot\u00e1zka v\u0161ak z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 otev\u0159en\u00e1: jak p\u0159esn\u011b toho dos\u00e1hnout? Odpov\u011b\u010f na ni zat\u00edm nikdo nena\u0161el. Ale bez hled\u00e1n\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed se sou\u010dasn\u00fd trend pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b nezm\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"V dne\u0161n\u00ed \u010desk\u00e9 politice se \u010d\u00edm d\u00e1l \u010dast\u011bji ukazuje jeden znepokojiv\u00fd trend: o budoucnosti zem\u011b se nerozhoduje p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na z\u00e1klad\u011b odbornosti a anal\u00fdz, \n [...]<\/a>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8689,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8688","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/time24.pl.ua\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8688","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/time24.pl.ua\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/time24.pl.ua\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/time24.pl.ua\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/time24.pl.ua\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=8688"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/time24.pl.ua\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8688\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8690,"href":"https:\/\/time24.pl.ua\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8688\/revisions\/8690"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/time24.pl.ua\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/8689"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/time24.pl.ua\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=8688"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/time24.pl.ua\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=8688"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/time24.pl.ua\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=8688"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}